Overview
The Dhammayangyi Temple (Burmese: ဓမ္မရံကြီးဘုရား), located in the ancient city of Bagan, Myanmar, is the largest and one of the most mysterious temples in the region. Constructed in 1170 AD during the reign of King Narathu, it is noted for its vast size and striking design. The temple is built in the traditional Burmese late period style and remains incomplete, adding to its intrigue. From afar, the Dhammayangyi Temple resembles the step pyramids of Egypt with its immense square base and receding terraces. It is a major attraction in the Bagan Archaeological Zone, where many other temples and pagodas stand as remnants of a bygone era.
Features of Dhammayangyi Temple
Architectural Layout
- Size and Structure: The Dhammayangyi Temple is the largest temple in Bagan, measuring nearly 78 meters long at the base. The central core of the temple is approximately 25 meters long. The temple consists of a massive square base topped by six receding terraces, giving it an imposing, pyramid-like appearance.
- Sanctuaries and Buddha Images: The temple features four entrances, each containing a seated Buddha image on a pedestal. The most prominent of these is the eastern entrance, which is the main entry point for visitors. Inside, the temple houses several images of the Gautama Buddha and the future Buddha, Maitreya in the western sanctum.
- Intricate Brickwork: The temple’s walls are constructed from finely crafted bricks, laid with exceptional precision. This craftsmanship is a testament to the skills of the workers, although some accounts suggest that workers were harshly punished if the quality of the work was not up to the king's standards.
Incomplete Structure
- Interior: The temple's interior remains largely bricked up, and only the four porches and outer corridors are accessible to visitors. The reason for this is not entirely clear, though some theories suggest that the construction debris was intentionally left inside as an act of defiance by workers or to prevent the spirit of the king from escaping the temple after his death.
- Collapsed Shikhara: The temple once featured a shikhara (a North Indian-style tower), but it has since collapsed, leaving behind a dramatic silhouette atop the structure.
Wall and Gates
- The temple grounds are surrounded by a protective wall with large, arched gates that lead into the pagoda. This enclosure adds to the temple’s grandeur and ensures its preservation.
History of Dhammayangyi Temple
Construction under King Narathu
- The Dhammayangyi Temple was constructed under the rule of King Narathu, who reigned from 1167 to 1170. Narathu became king by assassinating his father, King Alaungsithu, and his elder brother, who was next in line to the throne. His brutal rise to power is believed to have been the reason he commissioned the construction of such a massive and grand temple, possibly as an attempt to atone for his sins and accumulate good karma.
King Narathu’s Murder
- King Narathu's reign ended abruptly when he was assassinated, reportedly by a group of Indians sent by the King of Pateikkaya, possibly in revenge for the king's killing of his wife, a princess from Pateikkaya. Another account suggests that Sinhalese invaders from Sri Lanka were responsible for his death.
- With his untimely demise, the construction of the temple was halted, and the temple’s interior remained incomplete. Some believe the workers, in protest of the king’s cruel rule, deliberately filled the inner sanctum with debris.
Construction Techniques
- The brickwork in the temple is recognized for its fine craftsmanship, with bricks meticulously placed. However, the reputation of the construction laborers is tainted by stories of harsh punishment for mistakes, such as being killed or having their hands chopped off if the work was not up to the king's expectations.
Dhammayangyi Temple's Structure
Key Features
- Square Base: The base of the Dhammayangyi Temple is nearly 78 meters on each side, making it one of the largest in Bagan.
- Central Core: The temple's central core measures 25 meters long and is encased in intricate brickwork.
- Four Entrances: Each entrance houses a seated Buddha statue. The most notable of these is the eastern entrance, which faces the sunrise.
The Shikhara and Collapse
- The shikhara (a tower-like structure) that once crowned the temple has since collapsed. This was a defining feature of the temple’s original appearance and added to its monumental scale.
Entrance Tickets
To visit the Dhammayangyi Temple and other temples in Bagan, visitors need to purchase an Archaeological Zone Pass, which grants access to several important temples in the area.
Ticket Prices:
- 1-Day Pass: USD $25 (valid for one day)
- 3-Day Pass: USD $40 (valid for three consecutive days)
- 7-Day Pass: USD $50 (valid for seven consecutive days)
The ticket covers entry to the Bagan Archaeological Zone, where numerous temples, pagodas, and stupas, including Dhammayangyi, can be explored.
Location and Address
- Location: The Dhammayangyi Temple is located about 1 kilometer southeast of the old Bagan walls, in the Bagan Archaeological Zone, Myanmar.
- Address: Bagan Archaeological Zone, Nyaung-U Township, Bagan, Myanmar
- GPS Coordinates: 21.1689° N, 94.8661° E
The temple is easily accessible from central Bagan, located in the heart of the country’s ancient city.
How to Get There (Transportation)
By Bicycle
- Bicycle Rental: Renting a bicycle is a popular way to explore Bagan, including Dhammayangyi. The cost of renting a bike is usually around USD $1-2 per day. While cycling offers great flexibility, be prepared for the dusty, hot conditions, especially in the afternoons.
By Ox Cart
- Ox Cart Ride: A more traditional and comfortable option is to hire an ox cart with a local driver. This option is ideal for those who want to experience the rural charm of Bagan. The cost is around USD $15-20 for a full day.
By Car with Driver
- Renting a car or van with a driver is a more convenient and comfortable way to get around, particularly if you’re visiting multiple temples. Costs range from USD $50-60 per day.
By Hot Air Balloon
- For a unique perspective, consider a hot air balloon ride over Bagan, which offers stunning aerial views of Dhammayangyi and other temples. The flights typically last about 1 hour and cost between USD $250-300 per person. These flights are available from April to September.
Travel Tips
Best Time to Visit
- Morning and Late Afternoon: The best times to visit Dhammayangyi are in the early morning or late afternoon when the temperatures are cooler, and the light is ideal for photography. The temple is less crowded during these times, offering a more peaceful experience.
What to Bring
- Water: Always bring plenty of water, especially if visiting during the hot months.
- Sunscreen and Hat: Protect yourself from the intense sun by wearing sunscreen and a wide-brimmed hat.
- Comfortable Footwear: Wear comfortable shoes as the temple grounds can be uneven and dusty.
Photography
- Dhammayangyi offers excellent photo opportunities, especially at sunrise and sunset. However, be respectful of other visitors and avoid blocking pathways.
Respect Local Customs
- As with all religious sites in Myanmar, remember to dress modestly when visiting Dhammayangyi. Cover your shoulders and knees, and always be respectful of the monks and local worshippers.
Nearby Temples
- Sulamani Temple: A nearby temple with stunning frescoes and carvings.
- Shwesandaw Pagoda: Known for its panoramic views of the Bagan plains, especially at sunset.
The Dhammayangyi Temple stands as a testament to the ambition and tragedy of King Narathu’s reign. Despite its incomplete state, the temple remains an iconic structure in the Bagan Archaeological Zone and one of the most impressive temples in Myanmar. Its vast scale, intricate brickwork, and intriguing history make it a must-visit for anyone exploring the ancient temples of Bagan.