Bakong Temple is the central and largest temple within the Roluos Group of temples, which includes Preah Ko, Lolei, and Prasat Monti. These temples were part of the early development of the Khmer Empire before the construction of the famous Angkor Wat complex. Located in Roluos, about 15 km from Siem Reap, Bakong Temple offers a deeper insight into the roots of Cambodian architecture and religious practices. This Hindu temple was built in the 9th century and is dedicated to Shiva, one of the principal deities of Hinduism. It serves as a testament to the grandeur and spiritual significance of the ancient Khmer civilization.

Key Temple Information:

• Built In: 881 AD (Late 9th Century)
• Dedicated To: Shiva (Hindu god)
• Built By: King Indravarman I
• Location: Roluos, about 15 km from Siem Reap
• Style: Khmer Architecture
• Temple Pass: Required (Part of the Angkor Pass)
• Best Time to Visit: Early Morning
• Average Visit Duration: 45-60 minutes

Historical Significance of Bakong Temple

The Rise of Bakong: A Sacred Monument

Bakong was constructed as a state temple for King Indravarman I, who was the ruler of the Khmer Empire during its early period. This temple was part of the capital city of Hariharalaya, which was the precursor to the later Khmer capital, Angkor. The temple, dedicated to Shiva, also represents the transition of the empire from being a local to an imperial power.

• Historical Context: Hariharalaya served as the capital of the Khmer Empire until the late 9th century when it was replaced by Yasodharapura (near the Angkor region).
• Religious Role: As a Hindu temple, Bakong served both as a place of worship for the royal family and as a symbol of divine power, connecting the king with the gods. Its dedication to Shiva reflects the influence of Hinduism in the region at the time.

Architectural Evolution: From Sandstone to Iconic Khmer Designs

Bakong was the first major sandstone temple mountain built in the Khmer Empire, and it set the precedent for the grand temples that would follow in the Angkor complex. It marks an important shift in architectural design, as earlier temples were constructed with brick and laterite stone. The temple’s sandstone blocks enabled the creation of intricate carvings, many of which have survived the centuries.

• Notable Features: Unlike many other temples that were built using laterite and brick, Bakong used sandstone, allowing for greater detail in carvings and a more enduring structure.

Layout and Design of Bakong Temple

Temple Mountain Design

Bakong is built in the style of a temple mountain, a concept inspired by Hindu cosmology, where the temple represents Mount Meru, the center of the universe. The structure is a pyramid-like tower that rises over five levels. Each level represents a different stage of spiritual ascent, leading up to the central tower, which symbolizes Mount Meru.

• First Enclosure: The outermost enclosure no longer exists, except for the remaining traces of a moat that originally surrounded the temple.
• Second Enclosure: This part of the temple is well-preserved. Visitors enter through an entry tower that leads to a long causeway flanked by seven-headed serpents (Nāga), an iconic feature of Khmer architecture. This pathway would have been used for processions and royal ceremonies.
• Third Enclosure: The innermost sanctuary contains the temple’s central structure, a towered pyramid built on five levels. At the base, it measures about 65 x 67 meters.
• The Pyramid: The pyramid is the focal point of the temple and was designed with five tiers. Each tier represents a step towards spiritual enlightenment. The uppermost level was once crowned by a central tower, now partially reconstructed.

Temple Features and Iconography

• Carvings and Sculptures: Despite the temple’s age, there are still remnants of intricate carvings on the walls, which depict scenes from Hindu mythology, including gods and mythical battles. However, much of the decorative work on the pyramid has worn away with time.
• Statues of Guardians: The entrance is guarded by large stone statues of lions and elephants, common in Hindu temples to protect the sacred space. These statues have been well-preserved and continue to impress visitors.
• The Causeway and Serpents: The causeway to the temple is flanked by seven-headed serpents, often symbolic of protection and spiritual power. This is a recurring motif in Khmer religious architecture.

Reconstruction and Restoration

• The pyramid of Bakong was reconstructed in the 1930s, and a tower was added in the 12th century by Jayavarman VII, the king who built the famous Bayon Temple. These additions reflect how Bakong continued to be significant even after the capital moved to Angkor.

Why Visit Bakong?

A Step Back in Time

Bakong provides a unique opportunity to experience a quieter and less commercialized Khmer temple. Unlike the larger Angkor temples, Bakong is less crowded, giving visitors a chance to appreciate its architectural grandeur and historical context in peace.

• Scenic Peace: The Roluos Group, including Bakong, remains somewhat off the beaten path compared to the main Angkor temples. This allows for a more relaxed exploration in the surrounding countryside, where visitors can witness rural Cambodian life.
• Early Example of Khmer Temple Architecture: As the first large sandstone temple, Bakong showcases the evolution of Khmer architectural techniques and is an important precursor to the more famous temples in Angkor.

Getting to Bakong Temple

Directions

Bakong is located in Roluos, about 15 km from Siem Reap, and is easily accessible by tuk tuk, taxi, or bicycle. There are two main routes:

• Quickest Route: Head along National Road 6 toward Phnom Penh. Turn right when you reach Bakong Village before the Bakong Commune Hall.
• Scenic Back Streets: For a more picturesque route, you can take the back streets toward Tonle Sap Lake, then turn left towards Bakong Commune.

The temple is easily reached in 20-30 minutes from Siem Reap.

Nearby Temples

• Preah Ko: 1.4 km away from Bakong
• Lolei: 3 km away
• Angkor Wat: 20 km away

Best Time to Visit

• Early Morning: The best time to visit Bakong is in the morning when it’s less crowded, cooler, and when the soft morning light casts a golden glow on the temple's sandstone structure.
• Avoid Peak Hours: While Bakong isn't as crowded as the major Angkor temples, it can still attract tour groups. Arriving early will ensure a peaceful experience.

Accommodation Options Near Bakong

While Bakong has limited accommodation, Siem Reap offers a range of options for all budgets. Visitors can opt to stay in one of the following:

• Siem Reap Hotels: From budget guesthouses to luxurious resorts, Siem Reap has something for every traveler.
• Homestays: For a more rural experience, homestays in the area provide an opportunity to immerse yourself in traditional Khmer life.

Guided Tours and Activities

Guided Tours to Bakong Temple

A guided tour of Bakong typically includes visits to other temples in the Roluos Group, such as Preah Ko and Lolei, as well as a chance to explore the scenic countryside. There are various tour options available, including:

• Cycling Tours: These tours offer a chance to cycle through rural Cambodia and explore several temples, including Bakong.
• Quad Bike Tours: For a more adventurous experience, some tours include riding quad bikes through the Cambodian countryside, giving a unique perspective of the area.
• Private Tours: For a more tailored experience, private tours can be arranged with a local guide who will share their insights into the temple’s history and architecture.

Why Bakong Temple Should Be on Your Travel List

Bakong Temple is an underappreciated gem in Cambodia’s rich historical tapestry. Its early construction, stunning Khmer architecture, and serene atmosphere make it a must-visit destination for history enthusiasts and those seeking a more peaceful alternative to the bustling crowds of Angkor Wat. Whether you’re a history lover, architecture buff, or simply someone looking to experience Cambodia’s heritage off the beaten path, Bakong offers a fulfilling and enriching experience.